North-West University

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the body’s CD4 cells, a key part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections and diseases. Over time, untreated HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) rely on antiretroviral (ARV) medication to manage the virus, reduce its impact, and prolong life. With access to effective treatment and proper care, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic condition, though strict adherence to prescribed therapy remains essential. In South Africa, an estimated 8 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. However, ARV medications can also enter the water system. This study, funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), investigated the extent of ARV residues in South African waters.

The findings of this research on HIV ARVs detected in water sources in South Africa extended beyond academic circles, generating substantial unintended public interest and widespread media coverage. This visibility shaped public discourse on water quality, medicine residues, and environmental health, highlighting its relevance to societal and environmental well-being. Importantly, the study’s outcomes informed government action, leading to a national awareness campaign by the Department of Water and Sanitation. This demonstrates this research’s influence on science, policy development, and public engagement, contributing to increased awareness, knowledge dissemination, and making a difference.